Household Tasks Assignments Essay Example for Free

Household Tasks Assignments EssayAs the head cleaner of the apartment, I have been answerable to keep things orderly and neatly in the house. I have presented to become the head cleaner because I truly believe that my housemates should not be worrying that much about the household chores with a house cleaning timetable suited to them. The earlier system of assigning different individuals in the house has been convenient for everyone and stiff in maintaining the cleanliness of the apartment.However, since our fellow housemate Hannah has already graduated, the task assignments volition be re-distributed to five left house members. The new schedule of each individual is also a factor why the task assignments will be different this year. I hope everybody will adapt to the new rules and regulations regarding the tasks assigned to you and be accountable for the undertake chores. Questions, comments and suggestions in these task assignments will be entertained tomorrow (date), at around 3 in the afternoon.? Additional chore On Saturdays, Edsam and Jane are responsible for grocery shopping. ? Additional chore On Saturdays, Sherwin will pay the bills. ? Schedule of washing clothes in during the weekends. ? Jessie (the dog) needs to be groomed every Saturday. mob is in charge of that. ? If a house member has a valid excuse for not doing his or her specified chore, another house member will be assigned to do it. ? Failure to do the specified chore without a valid excuse means a $5 fine.

The Telecommunication Sector Digi Economics Essay

The Telecommunication Sector Digi Economics EssayThe market organization is in the way in which a market is planned, derived from in the first place on the quantity of firms in the business. The four essential market organization forms are perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. The most important dissimilarity among each ace is the amount of firms on the provide area of a market. Equally perfect competition and monopolistic competition contain a great amount of relatively little firms advertising production. Oligopoly has a small amount of comparatively great firm with whereas, monopoly has an only firm. (Economic Glossary)At one side of the scale we position perfectly competitive firms, is firms that have no control over the harm of wares they produce as shown in figure 1.2(refer to appendix). A perfectly competitive firm has to manoeuver any price for its goods the market offers, it is a price takers. Another end of the scale of market structu re is the monopolies. A monopoly is a single firm that produces the unit supply of a particular good and gives the authority to put market prices before merely respond to them. All firms with such control are price setters. In the meantime the boundaries of monopoly (no competition) and perfect competition lies in different form of imperfect competition, including duopoly, only two firms supply a particular product, oligopoly, a fewer huge firms supply the most or entire of a particular product and finally the monopolistic competition, numerous firms supply effectively the same product, hardly each one enjoys considerable brand loyalty. (Schiller, 2009)In the telecommunication sector DiGi is a top mobile communications company given that an inclusive resource of reasonable, suitable and simple to use wireless services to grade things much easier and develop the lives of its consumers. They build observe for their customers through selecting the most suitable critical meet tec hnology so that they profit from goods and services that give them option, ease and manage. (Jobstreet.com)DiGis financial performance in 2009, even though a hard working environment, conclave sugar rise by 2% to RM4.9 billion and our subscriber base grew by 8% compared to the earlier year. The small turn down in EBITDA bank to 43.3% for the year was an outcome of improved transfer and moolahwork working costs as well as transportable internet expansion costs and in advance(p) allowance for doubtful debts due to the scrimping. Their working(a) cash flow of RM1.4 billion achieved in 2009 was above the RM1.2 billion we guided for the year. All the way through 2009, they continuously invest in their network. Total capex for the year was RM718 million. Of this, RM300 million- RM400 million was invested in increase their mobile internet footprint and the balance was focused on ability and value enhancements of their 2G network, as well as service improvement. In 2009, they were a warded the Gold Award for Best In-house Customer call centre by the Contact Centre standstill of Malaysia (CCAM). (DiGi annual Report, 2009)In 2010, they ongoing on an expedition to update our communications to develop the value of service and drive localize effectiveness. They invested RM720 million in outstanding expenses, of where a significant part is allocated for increasing their mobile broadband and mobile internet footprint. They also improved the ability and value of their 2G network to provide our salary increase amount of consumers. DiGi is benchmarked next to top service business organization considered through the Forrester Index to make sure their constant teaching in consumer skill.They launch a quantity of inventive promotion that set them distant in the competitive voice market in 2010. In the prepay sector, they were pleased that our DiGi Easy Prepaid proposition gained strong traction. All in all, our prepaid consumer support rise 13.0% year on year to 7.3 million while total income greater than before by 5.5% in the similar stage. (DiGi Annual Report, 2010)There are few characteristics of oligopoly in the telecommunication sector.There are common chord barriers to entry are economies of scale, will power of a key input, and government-imposed barriers. The most important barrier to entry is economies of scale. The greater the market of scale, the fewer the quantity of firms that will be in the industry. If production of a good requires a particular input, then control of that input can be a barrier to entry. Firms sometimes attempt to have the government involve barriers to entry. The government also impresses barriers to entering several businesses by commanding tax and quotas on overseas competition. (R. Glenn Hubbard, 2008)Non-Audited financial statement for the second quarter of 2011, whole net operating profits improved with 9.95%, since MYR 1,335,096 thousands to MYR 1,467,998 thousands. Working effect declined from MYR 385, 717 thousands to MYR 348,092 thousands which revenue75% transform.Results of the period decreased -15.12% getting MYR 236,318 thousands at the end of the period reorient with MYR 278,408 thousands pass year. Return on equity (Net income/Total equity) went from 20.08% to 18.97%, the Return On Asset (Net income / Total Asset) went as of 5.71% to 4.79% and the Net Profit Margin (Net Income/Net Sales) went from 20.85% to 16.10% when evaluate to the same period of last year. The Debt to Equity Ratio (Total Liabilities/Equity) was 295.83% compared to 251.90% of last year. Finally, the Current Ratio (Current Assets/Current Liabilities) went from 0.57 to 0.50 when evaluate to the previous year. (EMIS)Due to surrounded reasonableness and various consumption, customers find it hard to make head-to head cost-benefits comparisons and thus build the products appear to be to some extent non-homogenous a not completely substitutable for one another. These firms are also contend and differentiat ing all the way through claim stimulus (shifting the demand curve) by organizing SMS contests, sponsoring shows like Malaysian Idol which support SMS voting, etc. where the SMS charges are priced much advanced than usual SMS charges in order to drive high gearer non-voice revenue and productivity as illust markd in figure by Maxis, Celcom and DiGis 2010 announcements below. (http//www.slideshare.net/amiwaleed99/maxis-economonics-assignment)TASK TWOAn economic hertz is also known as a trade cycle or a business cycle which refers to the usual fluctuations in a market as a total. As Keynes describe, an economic phase is collected of cycle of excellent deal with increasing prices and high employment percentages, followed by periods of terrible trade with diminish prices and high unemployment proportion. (Vengedasalam, 2007) Business cycle is discontinuous rises and declines in stage of trade and industry. A downturn is a stage of decline in whole production, profits and employment. This recession, which lasts 6 months or further, is marked by the well-known reduction of production activity in numerous sectors of the economy. A recession is to a greater extent often than not followed by a findy and development, a period in which real GDP, income, and employment grow as shown in figure 1.1(refer to appendix). (Campbell R., 2010)When we talk about increasing or constricting, we envision changes in the objective measure of goods and services produced. But the objective quantity of production is almost impractical to measure. So we measure the the great unwashed of production by its market price, not by its corporeal volume. Because prices differ from one year to another, GDP yardsticks must be adjusted intended for inflation. digest that from one year to the next all prices doubled. So unadjusted quantify of nominal GDP would give us a false analysis, we may hypothecate production was speeding forward when in actual fact it was positioned still. (Schiller, 20 09)In outlook toward the Malaysian economy, these are the impact of the business cycle for the past three years 2009, 2010, 2011 and the consequences faced by the government. In the year 2009, Bank Negara Malaysia has maintained a preventative advance to monetary policy. Previously in 2008, price increases was ascend because of the quick and considerable raise in provisions and power prices. The OPR, though, was left(a) unaffected. The measurement of the Bank was that the food and energy price increases were hugely supply determined. change magnitude interest rates beneath these circumstances would have a partial collision in containing inflation. This was the major deliberation within the assessment to keep up interest rates even though assertions that the Bank should have strictest monetary policy.Whereas menage demand circumstances be fairly sound, the rigorous subside in exports, and the dejected economic viewpoint for quite a few of Malaysias main trade associates destined that major strategy maintain would be required to rid of the economy from inflowing a deep and extended downturn. With inflation decelerating, Bank Negara Malaysia frontloaded the interest rate cuts to reduce the market from a fast declining international economy. overnight Policy Rate (OPR) its concentrated by the Bank by a total of 150 basis points beginning from November 2008 to February 2009 to 2% as shown in graph 1.1(refer to appendix).During a dilemma position, interest rate deduct with themselves are not satisfactory. Some corresponding procedures were also brought in to achieve particular sectors of the financial system. Therefore, as well as reducing rates of interest, the Bank besides introduced a amount of under attack procedures toward make sure sustained contact to financing, probationary expansion of security net, protection the cost of prosperity and actual profits of depositors and lessening extremely defenseless borrowers commencing the complete collision of t he calamity. The decline in rate of borrowing in addition to procedures undertaken to make sure undisrupted credit flows to the economy were doing well in supporting financing action. Even though financing development measured in the beginning element of the year, credit flows had sustained although existing downturn circumstances in the household with exterior part of the economy. (Annual Report, 2009)Chart 1.2(refer to appendix)By the start year 2010, monetary indicators are signaling to facilitate the international downturn was retreating. International development was being lead through a recover within industrialized also an expansion in the fall cycle. Symbols of development are apparent from trade sales, customer self-assurance, and the accommodation markets. Global trade was as well starting to rise up. The amend in point of view was mirrored by the considerable growing reconsideration toward 2010 international development judge by the IMF during January 2010 keep posted o f the World Economic Outlook (WEO) as shown in chart 1.3(refer to appendix).In the meantime, price rises was predicted to ascend progressively but persist in low all the way through the year. Procedures of interior rise and demand indicators recommended the possible materialization of demand through inflation later in the year, aligned with the upturn in require circumstances. Demand linked pressures on inflation, though, be predicted toward hold on moderately self-effacing as shown in chart 1.3 and 1.4(refer to appendix).The work of financial implements becomes more than diversify in 2010. Even though uncollateralized borrowings remain the major implement used (for 62.7% of incomparable economic policy implements), in that location be a unassailable raise to securities base fiscal procedure instruments (2010 37.3%, 2009 20.2%). Bank Negara Malaysia Monetary Notes (BNMN for usual and BNMN-i for Islamic money markets) be ever more use in 2010 when there have be tough appeal for these securities by shareholder, mostly non-resident shareholder. These new organization would demand to a huge base of shareholder set the tighter symmetry through Shariah supplies of diverse jurisdictions. In order by the visualization of Malaysia being an Islamic Financial Centre, the Bank will maintain toward grow buffer and supple Islamic monetary implement that are broadly suitable between international investors.(Annual Report, 2010)In the year 2011, financial display recommended that the upturn of the international economy was ongoing, even though the development presentation varies obviously across area. GDP development was predicted to stay vigorous at 5-6% as shown in chart 1.5(refer to appendix) for 2011. ostentatiousness was estimated to rise in 2011 compared to 2010. Supply factors would be the most important source of inflation throughout the year. In December 2010 the amendments to the manage value of fuel goods would certainly increase heading price rises. Increa sing worldwide force and provisions prices were likely to use rising force on firms expenses of production. Figures released in February in chart 1.5(refer to appendix) showed GDP development was constant at 4.8% in the fourth sector of 2010. Highly developed indicator and dealings of customer response keen to a sustained optimistic outlook designed for personal use. Comment beginning the Banks industrial actions recommended continuous development of service and income, which would be more sustain by the firm service value in the opening partially of the year.All the way through the year, the household money market and liquidity in the stock scheme be affecting by growth in the worldwide economic markets and unpredictable collection course. In general circumstances in the household money market, on the other hand, remained flexible to the worldwide financial confusion. Interbank markets sustained to function below a excess liquidity situation, among the entire contributor left behin d as net lenders all through the year. As at end-2010 total excess liquidity increase starting from RM299.2 billion to as high as RM397.5 billion at June 2011 as shown chart 1.6(refer to appendix), before past it in the second half of the year. Quite a few raise schemes were use in 2011 to raise the prepared effectiveness of monetary procedure and improve the diversity of capital market implement. The Range Maturity Auction (RMA) was completely operational throughout the year and develop into part of normal monetary process. (Annual Report, 2011)TASK THREEThe telecommunications industry in Malaysia and the district is predicted to confront test in 2011 as of a growing voice market, fibre roll-out, and original technologies together with LTE as well as greater than ever consumer outlook. These are the few strategies used by these two companies Maxis and DiGi.The macro-economic environment in 2010 improves over 2009, a year during which performance of global financial markets exagger ated Asian economies. In opposition to the negative 1.7% preserve formerly, the Malaysian economy grew mightilyly in 2010, registering a growth rate of 7.2%. Growth was fuelled by high confidential expenditure and continuous public divider spending. On the other hand, the Malaysian telecommunications industry concerned many new entrants in the year beneath assessment, together with in the broadband sector. This, coupled with powerful competition in the midst of accessible players, reflected the gradually more challenging working environment. Customers continued to demonstrate a tough desire for mobile hollo internet services and substance in addition to Smartphone and tablets. The varying scene has proposition for their company form with improved demands on margins.Their strategy for 2011 is divided into three parts, to get the most out of their voice company, to protected statistics admission management and access, and to distribute goods and services ahead of telecommunication sector. In accomplish this plan we stay aggravated to deliver investor cost throughout presentation improvement, savings to protect continuous outlook profits flow and cautious economic organization. (Maxis Annual Report, 2009) (Maxis Annual Report, 2010)DiGi and the telecommunications sector in Malaysia in 2011 will certainly be an exciting year. Their industry will have a main part to play in building a first-class ICT infrastructure that will not only stimulate this development story but also build a more connected Malaysia in the course of a mature mobile internet and mobile broadband ecosystem. DiGi will maintain to aggressively attend to the growing demand for excellence statistics services in Malaysia. They continue dedicated to advance scheduled growing their complex marks that will also supply for superior rate capability, consistency and value of service. The group target to keep their tough development energy this year. They are aiming to obtain a reasonable distribute o f the development in the mobile phone internet and portable broadband sector and further market sector. Being operationally capable will stay behind a main priority. (DiGi Annual Report, 2010)There are few responsibilities that DiGi wanted to do control and expand existing accounts, accomplish effective account treatment during set of sales calls, handling enquiries from customers, gather round competitors information from consumers and providing market feedback, in charge for uncovering opportunities, advertising benefits of the full services of DiGi business and advertising adjoining to the competition, to do outbound calls from the given list/record of existing and potential customers, produce demand for DiGi business and direct in the selling process, and organize, price, negotiate and audience sales solutions as well as control daily forecast and opportunities.

Leadership Case Study: Virgin Group

Leadership Case Study pure(a) mathematical ag unembellished radicalFounded in 1970 as Virgin Records, the comp both has expanded to a humongous brass section comprising of much than 200 companies in 2007. Its business portfolio ranges from air travel, fitness centers, and mobile telephony. Since its inception, the grow and image of Virgin root has been directly charged to the constitution and efforts of its owner and founder, the high-ranking executive and entrepreneur Sir Richard Branson. It makes no sense to delink Virgin Group from Sir Branson. In fact, the name Branson is al some becoming synonymous with Virgin Group. This try on aims to provide several aspects of Virgin group. These include the critical analysis of its nerveal model, the leaders of Sir Richard Branson and eventually ecesiss communication.DiscussionVirgin Group is make up of much(prenominal) than 200 companies, which employ wet to 50,000 people all over the world. The business has witnessed conti nual growth since it was abrasi angiotensin converting enzymed. The revenues reached a record mark of 10 billion greatest pounds in the year 2006. This reveals the magnitude and level of business in which Virgin Group is run. The nature of leadership in existence in Virgin Group draws some(prenominal) features from the personality of Sir Richard Branson. The business philosophy postulated by Sir Richard Branson believes that the ultimate yields of customer satisf consummation and sh arholders gain is the responsibility of every individual. He believes that if the staffs atomic tote up 18 kept blessed then the customers argon going to be happy meaning that the sh arholders result be happy too. Consequently, the oversight of Virgin Group does not fall in to any particular model. It has a unique counseling social organisation whose characteristics do not fit those of the existing models. The amalgamation of impressions makes it distinctive. A critical review reveals that the conquest witnessed by Virgin Group backside be attributed to the uniqueness of its management styles.Management Theorists like F Taylor first created the concept of scientific management. This scientific concept postulates that on that point are six principal(prenominal) features of management, namely experiment, observation, selection, standardization, and training. Scientific philosophy of management expects that rewards and employee compensation should be pecked on performance and co-operation. Although some facets of this hypothesis are outdated, some of its features are still applicable in the business structure of modern times. As a good illustration, Virgin group may be having what appears as a relaxed working environment but some features of scientific management are in action. Such aspects of scientific management drilld in Virgin Group include training, selection, and payment pecked on results. Some employees are compensated because of their outstanding entrepr eneurial ambition and mod thinking. Outstanding performance in Virgin Group is not only measure by the gist of financial stimulant an employee has brought but withal creativity and ability to think exterior the box. Another model of management is bureaucracy, which sees the organization of business as 1 unit. The pioneers of this school of thought believed that family practices could not be delinked from the organization. Therefore, there a need to mix in family goals with those of the finished organization.Organizational goals of Virgin Group cannot be dissociated with those of Sir Richard Branson. This is enough reason to conclude that the management style in the organization has some elements of bureaucracy in leadership. Max Weber first contrived this kind of management lift. The impact of entire society is given considerable attention by the management. In this model, the organization is considered as an integral part of an amorphous society. Despite having some draw backs, this model has found its fashion in to the Virgin Groups management style. In a bid to meet the needs of the society it is serving, virgin management give priority to the impact, its strategies leave befuddle on the society. This is the reason as to wherefore Virgin Atlantic, an airline company under Virgin Group, has been on the frontline on the crusade for environmentally friendly jet fuel.Furthermore, there is an element of administrative theory in the management of Virgin Group. Propounded by Henry Fayol, administrative theory view management as a chronological process comprising of planning, organization, training, and coordination of functions. This model represents the transitional theory mingled with the traditional and modern models. It is characterized by rigid and mechanistic te meshs. Virgin Group has a slim bit of these management principles. It has deviated from it by allowing liberalized management at departmental level. However, at the departmental level s, there is need to advance the principles of management. The thoughts of employees should remain to be customized to suit these principles.The management of Virgin group with a heavy weight unit is contingency set out. The decision-making and plans executions are done with close reference to the problem at hand. This has seen the group attain notable milestones in streamlining its management, which eventually translates in to revenues. In this management model, the dynamics of business environments is appreciated. It recognizes the fact that different environments require different management approaches.Concisely, it is true to argue that Virgin Groups success story of many an(prenominal) another(prenominal)(prenominal) years is a factor of many things including it optimal management model. The group has been able to amalgamate the pre targets of every model to suit its present needs. What is emerging vividly from this global organization is the fact that the efficacy of manage ment is determined by its ability to move away from conventional and rigid requirements. Moving with the trends in the market has been proven adept in optimization of profits.From the descriptions given supra, it is evident that Virgin Group leadership is a transformational. In transformational leadership the management looks beyond the compensation to the employees. The model, which is in use at Virgin Group, explores the inner factors, which enhance performance of employees through motivation. On contrary to transactional model, which look at compensation alone, transformational leadership looks at way of achieving upper-level loyalty and commitment from the followers.The brand in the name of Virgin was founded in 1968. Since then it has grown beyond borders and create a worldwide product. Its venture into many different industries is a true reflection of success. Sir Richard Branson is the present chairperson of the group. He is well known for his stylish but competitive leade rship skills. Many analysts and scholars attribute the success of Virgin Group to the creative leadership skills of Branson. In the process of expansion, he took over several risky ventures in a more to beam and improve his business. In most of his business plans, he focused on minute segment of a specific market and provided quality products or services. This approach allows for creation of small monopolistic markets with high profit margins. hotshot major contributor to Bransons success story is his ability to lead people in exploring innovative and profitable ventures. Therefore, the leadership style depicted by Branson is a topic to be investigated in the following discussions. The kind of leadership philosophy advocated by Branson has been permeate into the entire company.Sir Richard Bransons leadership style falls in the category of transformational. He has an outstanding ability of bringing out the scoop out out of humanity. Interpersonal and relative skills possessed by Branson are impeccable. He has close touch with the day to day activities of various companies at heart his group. The most universal feature that has made him fall upon great milestones in business development is the ability to motivate and rally fellow partners in pursuit of a business opening. If the recent acquisitions are jamn as an illustration, he managed to convince fellow stakeholders in adoption of new(a) strategy.In his ventures, he looks for people who are outgoing and go awaying to start new businesses. His capacity building nature has made him an admirable leader of modern business. His focus spans beyond the orthodox perspective of employees where the management expects the workers to perform to deserve compensation. The engross of Branson surrounds asking the question as to whether a partner or employee is optimizing his or her capacity. He is interested also with people who are willing to take risks and the best in their tasks. For a long time, he has ab ide byed in bringing out the best out of his staff, a core character of transformational leader. There is no discredit about the fact that Bransons success since 1970s is directly attribute to his attitude towards management of a team. In his approach, the barrier existing amid the employees and management is broken.In fact, many people working with him approaches business swerves with a philosophy of achieving through innovative thinking and not adhering to the preset rules. Because of the ideologies propagated by Branson, all participants in the organization share similar appraises. He conjecture his own style of leadership, priding himself on integrating the employees in to his style and seeking their thoughts on ways of improving value to customers. Employees are expected to immanentize these values and respond in accordance to them. Integration of corporate values in leadership strategies means that there is little interference by external forces. Nevertheless, Sir Branso ns approach does not mean that the employees are altogether dependent on the chairmans thoughts. They are equally accountable of their actions like fellow employees under transactional leadership. In order to motivate his employees, Branson and his management team, especially human re inaugurations management department present systems of enhancing commitment of employees through bonuses, stock options and profit sharing, and internal promotion wherever possible.Apart from Sir Bransons input in the success of virgin Group, there is a contribution of organizational culture in the company. Organizational culture existing in Virgin Group in fairly complex. The Group serves more than nose candy companies operating separately in the industries which are not entirely related. The common feature within ever company in the group is the glamorous Virgin Brand. The brand remains un falsifyd in all companies operating in different businesses. This is a similarity, which puts a heavy respons ibility on each department or division to positively represent the brand. The image reveals an overall image of quality and innovation inherent in the group. Through the creation of an exclusive brand, the company has been able to consolidate and maintain desirable loyalty levels among the customers.The versatile business portfolio evident in Virgin Group businesses is assistantful in building and maintaining loyalty in various industries. This is the main reason as to why the company has witnessed high levels of success. The managers in the company employ the concept of creativity to encourage employees to enhance their contribution to the group in whatever level of hierarchy. They dissuade the scenario where employees sit back to execute instructions. Employees crap the capacity of producing cutting-edge products, which the whole company will be able to deliver to the market. They can also blueprintte ways of improving efficiency in the company. This is an outstanding featur e of Virgin Group. Every individual has a say when it comes to products development. The management style in application at Virgin Group encourages members of staff to be competitive. This will eventually build a desire in the hearts of employees to see the company succeed so that they can be recognized as contributors to new and innovative business model.There is no clear cut between management and leadership within Virgin Group. Transformational leadership emanates from executives and top managers in the company. There are harmonized goals set by Sir Richard Branson and fellow company executives. Various companies within the group will work towards achieving those goals. These ambitious goals range from utilization of new technology, expansion in international markets, joint venture with other existing companies and loyalty among customers. Goals formulated at this level of management are communicated to every employee in the company. This is a beneficial strategy, which gives eve ry employee a task to accomplish in fostering the groups mission. The elderly management implores the employees to output their skills in such a way that they are going to complement the company. The notion behind this effort is to advance the philosophy that the entire benefits of the group will eventually lead to individual gains for every person involved. The contribution in the group will ultimately result in rewards for managers, employees, shareholders, executives, and customers alike.One desirable feature of Virgin Group is its organizational structure. Through its structure the company has succeeded in overcoming the challenges related to expansion. An expansive organization like Virgin Group must explore ways of handling the massive information within the company. Through its flat organizational chart, Virgin Group Limited has been able to exert it expansive business portfolio with much ease. The reduction of horizontal chain of command means that interdepartmental commun ication is enhanced.As the level of hierarchy moves down, the lower levels of management tend to concentrate more keenly on the management of the company. Although leadership is continuously encouraged among the managers, it requires some levels of strict management to make sure that the task has been accomplished. Different divisions within the company have different management function. At Virgin Group, managers have several goals of wide scope. Because of the fact that different divisions of the company are specialized in their operations, well-trained and qualified mangers are required to manage it effectively. In most cases, managers employed by the company have a firm background in their sector of specialization. They must also prove that they are capable by showing a successful record of accomplishment. It is the sole responsibility of managers within Virgin Group to ensure that day-to-day operations needed to keep the division running are executed effectively.Organization is a vital section in the success of Virgin companies. Since the group in an amorphous company comprising of several companies, organization is very critical in putting together the processes. To start with, the company has many goals to be achieved like expanding the global presence and building of customer loyalty. The top executive are responsible for determining these goals and making them addressable to the entire company. The same executive must ensre that these goals are achievable for them to be received well by employees. However, caution should be exercised to ensure that the employees are not underutilized. Challenging goals are important for the employees to feel that they are engaged in meaningful tasks. Organization of these goals within the division will ensure that specific targets are made. Every division have separate and specialized goals aimed at increasing market share and improvement of product and services.As the hierarchy advances to the junior staffs, goal s become more precise and short lived. The targets set at implementation levels are easily achievable because they are very specific. These specific goals are formulated by division managers with close reference to those of the entire group. This system of information transpose enables the company to remain on track on the journey to meeting the targets set by executives. Virgin is a living evidence for the fact that this kind of organization is a major prerequisite for business success. Breaking down of command goals in to actionable points is a desirable feature revealed in Virgins organization.A healthy and workable organizational structure witnessed in Virgin Groups businesses is attained with many varying strategies. Transformational leadership is one of these strategies that have seen the company attain great heights of success. This strategy enables people of diverse backgrounds and ability to share a common goal. Through working together, a team can combine its members eff orts and work towards achieving common goal. Transformational leadership gives everyone an equal chance to output his or her ability without reservations. A critical review of Virgin Group business reveals that its versatile and innovative workforce is due to the transformational leadership in place. This is in contrast with transactional leadership in which employees are compensated according to performance. The draw back with this kind of leadership is that it breeds greedy employees whose goal will be to amass rewards as much as possible.ConclusionIn conclusion, there are many things to be learned from leadership and management of Virgin Group Limited. The company has cut itself a ecological niche in various industries. It has also proven that all things are possible with dedication and commitment. Through the able leadership of its Chairman, Sir Richard Branson, the management team has come up with a unique formula of managing large scale businesses like Virgin Group. To a larg e extend, the success of Virgin Group is directly attributable to the input of Sir Branson. He has succeeded in opening a new chapter of management, which deviates from conventional methods. His liberal and all accommodating approach is desirable. There is a formidable blend between management and leadership. A critical review of these 2 elements reveals that there is no clears cut between the two a feature that has worked well for the company.Chemical vexs An interpolationChemical constipates An introductionIntroductionA chemical attach is an attraction between atoms brought about by a sharing of pair of electrons between to atoms or a complete channel of electrons. There are three graphic symbols of chemical binds dome, Covalent and Polar covalent. In addition chemists often recognize another face of beat called a hydrogen bond.Among all these three chemical bonds the strongest bond is covalent bond and weaker from covalent bond is ionic bond and weakest among all is c old bond.The main condition for a covalent bond to be formed is that both atoms forming covalent bond should have equal electro negativity or nearly equal electro negativity.For example atomic number 6 can form covalent bond with oxygen and vitamin C but a covalent bond between carbon and nitrogen is never possible because there is high diversity between electro negativity of carbon and nitrogen.ExplanationChemical bondA chemical bond is an interaction between atoms or molecules and allows the formation of polyatomic chemical compounds. A chemical bond is the attraction caused by the electromagnetic force between contend charges, either between electrons and nuclei, or as the result of a dipole attraction. The strength of bonds varies considerably there are strong bonds such as covalent or ionic bonds and weak bonds such as dipole-dipole interactions, the London dispersion force and hydrogen bond.Since opposite charges attract via a basic electromagnetic force, the negatively- charged electrons orbiting the heart and soul and the positively-charged protons in the nucleus attract each other. Also, an electron positioned between two nuclei will be attracted to both of them. Thus, the most stable configuration of nuclei and electrons is one in which the electrons spend more time between nuclei, than anywhere else in dummy. These electrons cause the nuclei to be attracted to each other, and this attraction results in the bond. However, this assembly cannot collapse to a coat dictated by the brashnesss of these individual particles. Due to the matter wave nature of electrons and their smaller mass, they occupy a very much larger amount of volume compared with the nuclei, and this volume occupied by the electrons keeps the atomic nuclei relatively far apart, as compared with the size of the nuclei themselves.In general, strong chemical stick to is associated with the sharing or transfer of electrons between the participating atoms. Molecules, crystals, and diatomic gases indeed most of the physical environment around us are held together by chemical bonds, which dictate the structure of matter.*Main types of chemical bondsIn the simplest view of a so-called covalent bond, one or more electrons (often a pair of electrons) are drawn into the space between the two atomic nuclei. Here the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positive charges of both nuclei, instead of just their own. This overcomes the repulsion between the two positively charged nuclei of the two atoms, and so this overwhelming attraction holds the two nuclei in a fixed configuration of equilibrium, even though they will still hover at equilibrium position. In summary, covalent bonding involves sharing of electrons in which the positively charged nuclei of two or more atoms simultaneously attract the negatively charged electrons that are being divided. In a polar covalent bond, one or more electrons are unequally shared between two nuclei.In a simplified view of an ionic bond, the bonding electron is not shared at all, but transferred. In this type of bond, the outer atomic orbital of one atom has a vacancy which allows addition of one or more electrons. These newly added electrons potentially occupy a lower energy-state (effectively nigher to more nuclear charge) than they experience in a different atom. Thus, one nucleus offers a more tightly-bound position to an electron than does another nucleus, with the result that one atom may transfer an electron to the other. This transfer causes one atom to assume a net positive charge, and the other to assume a net negative charge. The bond then results from electrostatic attraction between atoms, and the atoms become positive or negatively charged ions.All bonds can be explained by quantum theory, but, in practice, simplification rules allow chemists to predict the strength, directionality, and polarity of bonds. The octet rule and VSEPR theory are two examples. More sophisticated theor ies are valence bond theory which includes orbital hybridization and resonance, and the linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method which includes ligand field theory. Electrostatics is used to describe bond polarities and the effects they have on chemical substances.Valence bond theoryIn the year 1927, valence bond theory was formulated which argued essentially that a chemical bond forms when two valence electrons, in their reputeive atomic orbitals, work or function to hold two nuclei together, by virtue of system energy get down effects. In 1931, building on this theory, chemist Linus Pauling published what some consider one of the most important papers in the history of chemistry On the Nature of the Chemical Bond. In this paper, building on the works of Lewis, and the valence bond theory (VB) of Heitler and London, and his own earlier work, he presented six rules for the shared electron bond, the first three of which were already generally known1. The elect ron-pair bond forms through the interaction of an unpaired electron on each of two atoms.2. The spins of the electrons have to be opposed.3. Once paired, the two electrons cannot take part in additional bonds.His last three rules were new4. The electron-exchange terms for the bond involve only one wave function from each atom.5. The purchasable electrons in the lowest energy level form the strongest bonds.6. Of two orbitals in an atom, the one that can circle the most with an orbital from another atom will form the strongest bond, and this bond will tend to lie in the direction of the concentrated orbital.Bonds in chemical formulaThe 3-dimensionality of atoms and molecules makes it difficult to use a case-by-case technique for indicating orbitals and bonds. In molecular formulae the chemical bonds (binding orbitals) between atoms are indicated by various different methods according to the type of discussion. Sometimes, they are completely neglected. For example, in organic chemis try chemists are sometimes vexed only with the structural groups of the molecule. Thus, the molecular formula of ethanol (a compound in alcoholic beverages) may be written in a paper in conformational, 3-dimensional, full 2-dimensional (indicating every bond with no 3-dimensional directions), compressed 2-dimensional (CH3-CH2-OH), separating the functional group from another part of the molecule (C2H5OH), or by its atomic constituents (C2H6O), according to what is discussed. Sometimes, even the non-bonding valence shell electrons (with the 2-dimensional approximate directions) are marked, i.e. for elemental carbon.C. Some chemists may also mark the respective orbitals, i.e. the hypothetical ethene4 anion (/C=C/ 4) indicating the possibility of bond formation.Strong chemical bondsTypical bond lengths in pmand bond energies in kJ/mol.Bond lengths can be converted to by division by 100 (1 = 100 pm).Data taken fromBondLength(pm)Energy(kJ/mol)H HydrogenH-H74436H-O96366H-F92568H-Cl127 432C CarbonC-H109413C-C154348C=C134614CC120839C-N147308C-O143360C-F134488C-Cl177330N NitrogenN-H101391N-N145170NN110945O OxygenO-O148145O=O121498F, Cl, Br, I HalogensF-F142158Cl-Cl199243Br-H141366Br-Br228193I-H161298I-I267151Strong chemical bonds are the intramolecular forces which hold atoms together in molecules. A strong chemical bond is formed from the transfer or sharing of electrons between atomic centers and relies on the electrostatic attraction between the protons in nuclei and the electrons in the orbitals. Although these bonds typically involve the transfer of integer numbers of electrons (this is the bond order), some systems can have intermediate numbers. An example of this is the organic molecule benzene, where the bond order is 1.5 for each carbon atom.The types of strong bond differ due to the difference in electronegativity of the constituent elements. A large difference in electronegativity leads to more polar (ionic) character in the bond.Covalent bondCovalen t bonding is a common type of bonding, in which the electro negativity difference between the bonded atoms is small or nonexistent. Bonds within most organic compounds are described as covalent. See sigma bonds and pi bonds for LCAO-description of such bonding.A polar covalent bond is a covalent bond with a significant ionic character. This means that the electrons are closer to one of the atoms than the other, creating an imbalance of charge. They occur as a bond between two atoms with moderately different electro negativities, and give rise to dipole-dipole interactions.A coordinate covalent bond is one where both bonding electrons are from one of the atoms involved in the bond. These bonds give rise to Lewis acids and bases. The electrons are shared roughly equally between the atoms in contrast to ionic bonding. Such bonding occurs in molecules such as the ammonium ion (NH4+) and is shown by an arrow pointing to the Lewis acid.Molecules which are formed primarily from non-polar c ovalent bonds are often immiscible in peeing or other polar solvents, but much more soluble in non-polar solvents such as hexane.Ionic bondIonic bonding is a type of electrostatic interaction between atoms which have a large electro negativity difference. There is no precise value that distinguishes ionic from covalent bonding but a difference of electro negativity of over 1.7 is likely to be ionic and a difference of less than 1.7 is likely to be covalent Ionic bonding leads to separate positive and negative ions. Ionic charges are commonly between 3e to +3e. Ionic bonding commonly occurs in metal salts such as sodium chloride (table salt).Bonds in chemical formulahe 3-dimensionality of atoms and molecules makes it difficult to use a single technique for indicating orbitals and bonds. In molecular formulae the chemical bonds (binding orbitals) between atoms are indicated by various different methods according to the type of discussion. Sometimes, they are completely neglected. For example, in organic chemistry chemists are sometimes concerned only with the functional groups of the molecule.Strong chemical bondsStrong chemical bonds are the intramolecular forces which hold atoms together in molecules. A strong chemical bond is formed from the transfer or sharing of electrons between atomic centers and relies on the electrostatic attraction between the protons in nuclei and the electrons in the orbitals. Although these bonds typically involve the transfer of integer numbers of electron some systems can have intermediate numbers.Aromatic bondIn organic chemistry, certain configurations of electrons and orbitals infer extra stability to a molecule. This occurs when orbitals overlap and combine with others on different atomic centres, forming a long range bond. For a molecule to be aromatic it must obey Hckels rule, where the number of electrons fit the formula 4n + 2, where n is an integer. The bonds involved in the aromaticity are all planar.In benzene, the p rototypical aromatic compound, 18 (n = 4) bonding electrons bind 6 carbon atoms together to form a planar ring structure. The bond order (average number of bonds) between the different carbon atoms may be said to be (18/6)/2=1.5, but in this case the bonds are all identical from the chemical point of view. They may sometimes be written as single bonds alternating with double bonds, but the view of all ring bonds as being equivalently about 1.5 bonds in strength, is much closer to truth.In the case of heterocycle aromatics and substituted benzenes, the electronegativity differences between different parts of the ring may dominate the chemical behavior of aromatic ring bonds, which otherwise are equivalent.Metallic bondIn a metallic bond, bonding electrons are delocalized over a lattice of atoms. By contrast, in ionic compounds, the locations of the binding electrons and their charges are static. Because of delocalization or the free moving of electrons, it leads to the metallic prope rties such as conductivity, ductility and hardness.Intermolecular bondingThere are four basic types of bonds that can be formed between two or more (otherwise non-associated) molecules, ions or atoms. Intermolecular forces cause molecules to be attracted or repulsed by each other. Often, these define some of the physical characteristics (such as the run point) of a substance.A large difference in electronegativity between two bonded atoms will cause dipole-dipole interactions. The bonding electrons will, on the whole, be closer to the more electronegative atom more frequently than the less electronegative one, giving rise to partial charges on each atomic center, and create electrostatic forces between molecules.A hydrogen bond is effectively a strong example of a permanent dipole. The large difference in electro negativities between hydrogen and any of fluorine, nitrogen and oxygen, coupled with their lone pairs of electrons cause strong electrostatic forces between molecules. Hy drogen bonds are responsible for the high boiling points of pissing and ammonia with respect to their heavier analogues.The London dispersion force arises due to instantaneous dipoles in neighbouring atoms. As the negative charge of the electron is not uniform around the whole atom, there is always a charge imbalance. This small charge will induce a corresponding dipole in a nearby molecule causing an attraction between the two. The electron then moves to another part of the electron cloud and the attraction is broken.A cation-pi interaction occurs between the negative charges of pi bonds above and below an aromatic ring and a cation. international Community uphold on urine Shortage Article AnalysisGlobal Community Impact on Water Shortage Article AnalysisMA447 Global Management IssuesTaking Sides WorksheetStudent pick outJennifer R. ThomasTakings Sides Article Number and NameArticle 2.4Can the Global Community Successfully Confront the Global Water Shortage?Work Cite Easton, Th omas A. Taking Sides. Boston McGraw-Hill gentility Create, 2014. Print.Date2-21-2017BACKGROUNDWhat qualifications does the condition have for writing the YES article on this subject? (This may also apply to quotes within the article.)William bicycler, the source of Global Water Crisis Too Little, Too Much or Lack of a Plan? is a reporter and contributor to The Christian Science Monitor and the Pulitzer Center, among other publications. (p.87, Easton) William Wheeler has a Masters Degree in Journalism and foreign Affairs from Columbia and has a background in political affairs in Africa, atomic number 34 Asia and the Middle East and immigrant detention in New York City and Virginia. He was the recipient of the Earth Journalism Award in 2009. He partnered with Anna-Katarina Gravgaard on a report on irrigate politics and climate change.http//www.bu.edu/cghd/files/2011/04/Disaster-Conference-Speaker-Bios.pdfWhen and where the YES article was first published? Does this affect its c redibility?The article, Global Water Crisis Too Little, Too Much, or Lack of a Plan? (Easton) Was published on December 2, 2012, by The Christian Science Monitor. The article was a recently published article, 2012, and William Wheeler has a good background in politics, specifically giving some focus to the politics of water, for which he received an award as noted in the article, http//www.bu.edu/cghd/files/2011/04/Disaster-Conference-Speaker-Bios.pdfWhat qualifications does the author have for writing the NO article on this subject? (This may also apply to quotes within the article.)Stewart M. Patrick is a senior fellow and director of the International Institutions and Global Governance Program at The Council on Foreign Relations. (p. 89, Easton) The following are a list of his expert experiences according to http//www.cfr.org/experts/international-institutions-global-governance-multilateral-institutions-un-failed-states-sovereignty/stewart-m-patrick/b5863Multilateral cooperation, International Institutions, and Global GovernanceUnited NationsTransnational ThreatsForeign AssistancePost-conflict reconstructionStewart was a graduate of Stanford University.When and where the NO article was first published? Does this affect its credibility?The article, The flood tide Global Water Crisis. What Happens When Demands for this Essential Resource Starts Exceeding Supply in many Parts of the World? (Easton), was published on May 9, 2012, in the Atlantic magazine. The author has a good knowledge and background, especially with an interest of weak and failing states. Having said that, and with the article somewhat new, I would say that the publication and the author both are credible.EFFECTIVE ARGUMENT TECHNIQUESSee information at the end of this worksheet about creating effective affirmations.Students are required to address the issue by exploring both articles and both sides of the argument.SUMMARY OF YES ARGUMENT POINTSSUMMARY OF NO ARGUMENT POINTSWilliam Wheeler, t he author of the yes argument, believes that supply or lack thereof, is not a real concern but that it is more about valuing water and how it is used.There is just as much water in the world now as there always has been, water supply has not decreased. The evaporation process has not changed and water is still cycled through the water cycle. Meaning that water is evaporated into the air, it then rains, in lakes, rivers and freezes in the glaciers, plants absorb it and the process starts all over.Water is being used up quicker than it can be replaced.Droughts give reason to fear a water crisis.The phrase Global Water Crisis leaves the impression that there is a major water crisis/ deficit.Too much water can be just as devastating as not having enough water.Water feeds crops, powers cities, cools computer servers and is key to the manufacturing of everything from clothes to cars (p. 84)Increase in population will increase demand for water.The break dance a region is doing economicall y, the more water they demand all due to the consumption of more meat rather than wheat. Livestock, in which the meat comes from, needs more water than wheat does.Water Resource Group suggest that by 2030 almost half of the world population will be hit with a severe water shortage and by 2050, 1 in 5 developing countries will too.Water shortage is also due to too many tube wells draining the water.Human are living beyond their means, meaning that they are consuming more water than they really have available and at a high rate than water is being replenished.Leaking infrastructure are also a reason for water shortage.Climate change, increase in global grain prices and droughts, some caused by record high temperatures, are contributing factors to water shortage.Rising sea levels can damage wall protections as well as increase the risk of coastal storms.Poorer regions will be more affected by the water shortages.Global Water shortage should be a concern of everyones not just the regio n or area affected by it.Climate change will increase the rate that glaciers vaporise off when regions depend on the glacier water as a resource at the same time that other regions, already distressed by drought, will become more distressed by increase drought.As water shortage becomes more of an issue, regions will use it as an economic source and will build dams to keep it from running off to lower land regions. They will focus on keeping as much water as they can, close to home. This will cause conflict and risk of terrorist attacks.More than 15 countries rely on hydropower to generate at least 80 percent of their electricity (p. 86) and if water shortage is not handled properly, regions could be faced with energy shortage in addition to, food supply being affected and run a higher risk of waterborne diseases.Professor Lalls believe is that water shortage is blown out of proportion and isnt really as bad as it is being made out to be.Professor Lall believes that one way of fixin g the crisis is to be more aware of what crops are being grown and where these crops are being grown, reducing waste, reprocess water and repurpose flood-control systems, to name a few.He also mentioned involving the government to ensure easy access to rural and urban areas as well as accessing tinny soil moisture sensors are used to improve agricultural water efficiency.Professor Lall states that everyone should be paying more for water as another way to help regulate water usage.Professor Lall states that what the U.S. needs is a policy that incorporates forecasts, trading mechanisms, options, and coordinated use of both surface and ground-water resources. (p.87)Drought in Sahel will threaten 15 million lives.Global Warming will affect global demand for young water versus the availability of the supply of fresh water. cosmos growth also will affect the available supply of water.Regions dealing with major water shortage will eventually run into issues with pollical and social in stability.The planets fresh water source is about 2.5%Growing global water demand for fresh water are a result of increase in population, as it will continue to increase in the coming years, reduction in available fresh water due to the melting away of the glaciers as a result of global warming, individuals are consuming more meats over wheat, where it takes more water to feed the livestock than it does to grow wheat, and poor management of the water. Water shortage increases tension amongst regions and they begin to come territorial over their water source, leaving room for issues globally by building dams and things of the sort to keep from losing water to another region. Internationally there are only 263 water basins that are shared.Managing the water source includes stopping the leaks from infrastructures, new irrigation systems and growing crops that use less water and can withstand drought, which would improve agriculture efficiency, pricing water based on its real value and making clear the rights to water sources.CRITICAL THINKING AND reflectivity ARTICLE-SPECIFIC QUESTIONS*Answer all of the questions listed at the beginning of Exploring the Issue for each set of articles.1.I believe that the increased demand for future water are 100% real. Both articles bring up many points as to why the demand will increase in the near future. Those include, increase in the population, climate change increases drought in some areas while melting the glaciers in other areas, increasing the risk of hurricanes from rising sea levels and once the glaciers meltdown, there will be no more water source in the future. Water is also underpriced and as mentioned in both articles as well. It was also mentioned that management of water source is a problem.2.I believe that moderating the distribution of water would help the water shortage but I do not believe that it is the main culprit of global water shortage. I think it is more a combination of multiple culprits.3.No, I do believe that global warming changes the result of adverse changes in the supply of and demand for water, I believe it has a huge impact on the supply of however. Global warming will in brief dry up most if not all of our water resources.4.I do not believe that just taking any one action will avert the world global water crisis. As I have stated in the above questions, I believe that it will take an all or nothing approach. There are many pieces to the puzzle and by focusing just on one piece, the others may get worsened while you think you are working to solve the crisis.5I have more faith in focusing on a largeer approach of a better integrated water management system for a brighter future global water system than anything else. I believe being broad and giving attention to all of the factors that are attributing to the water crisis is the only way to approach the situation.EFFECTIVE ARGUMENT TECHNIQUESAcknowledge differing viewpointsThis technique strengthens your argument in 3 waysIt helps you spot flaws on the opposing side.It can help you spot flaws in your own argument.It establishes your credibility as someone who can address the issue in a reasonable way and at least consider opposing points of viewEXAMPLE The installation of cameras does cost an immense amount of money. They also give no privacy to the students. (This writer is actually in FAVOR of security cameras. In the introduction, however, he raises these two arguments against the cameras to establish credibility.)WARNING If you acknowledge a differing viewpoint, dont just say the other side has a valid point and leave it at that. Move on to the next step of rebuttal.Rebut differing viewpointsA strong argument points out the flaws in the other sides thinking using reasonable language and examples.INTRODUCTION EXAMPLE The installation of the cameras does cost an immense amount of money. They also give no privacy to the students. However, they would be convenient for the schools security.CONCLUS ION EXAMPLE Even though the installation of cameras is expensive and offers no privacy to student, it does help the security of the school.Strategies for Writing an Effective Argument. Strategies for Writing an Effective Argument. Triton College, n.d. Web. 12 May 2014. .A 10-STEP PROCESS FOR ANALYZING AN ARGUMENT by Brian W. CarverAfter you have read the passage carefully, distinguishing between purported facts and opinions, answer the following questions thoroughly.What is the authors conclusion?What premises does the author provide to support this conclusion?What assumptions (unstated premises) are required for the authors argument to be valid?Do the premises seem uncontroversially true? If not, explain.Do the assumptions seem uncontroversially true? If not, explain.Are all terms in the argument adequately defined? If not, explain.Are there other facts, not discussed, that would be helpful to know in evaluating the argument? If so, explain.Does the author appeal to emotion or use words designed to influence our response? (e.g., discounts, hedges, assurances, repetition, etc.) If so, explain.Is your well-crafted indication of the argument valid? That is, suppose the premises and assumptions are true, regardless of their actual truth or falsity. Ask yourself, given their truth, does the conclusion have to follow? (If so the argument is valid, if not, it is invalid.) If a clear valid/invalid answer is difficult, explain why.In your opinion, is your well-crafted version of the argument sound? That is, does it both have a valid form and have all true premises and assumptions? (If so, it is sound, if not, it is unsound.) Explain your answer.Retrieved from https//www.ocf.berkeley.edu/brianwc/courses/thinking/2002fall/analyze.html

Wordplay Functions In Literature And Literary Theory English Language Essay

word dictation Functions In literary productions And Literary Theory English Language EssayAbstractWordplay occupies a reduceificant power in several(prenominal) important conceptions and theories of publications, princip completelyy beca apply it has both a performative and a critical function in relation to row and cognition. This article describes the various uses and correspondences of jestning and their origins in its (Whose?) unique flexibility, which involves an interaction amid a semiotical deficit and a semantic surplus. Further more(prenominal), the article illustrates different methods of incorporating theories of account bookplay into writings and literary scheme, and finally, it demonstrates the slipway in which the use of paronomasia oft leads to the use of fictions and figurative voice communication.IntroductionPuns and wordplay occupy a significant position in literature as healthful as in various slipway of reflecting on and conceptualizing litera ture. They can be used to produce and perform a poetic function with diction and they can be used critically, which entails considering them from a distance(?) as utterances that undermine meaning and intelligence and that ultimately accomplish a de plastic performance. A dictionary description of the word joke illustrates that both homonymy (when two words with unrelated meanings have the same form) and polysemy (when one word form has two or more, related, meanings) can the right way be used to form puns a play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words (American Heritage College Dictionary 1997, Third Edition). However, this description could besides be extended to embrace the term wordplay, mainly because pun seems to cover only single words.1So a more precise definition of pun might be a play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same expression and sometimes on the similar senses or s ounds of different words (This is amid inverted commas. Where is the citation?).The various uses and understandings of wordplay originate from a flexibility which this article attempts to identify and describe from both a historical and a contemporary eyeshot. Wordplay involves an interaction between a semiotic deficit and a semantic surplus and is therefore primarily understood and used in two different ways in literature and literary theory. Literary scholar Geoffrey Hartman succinctly articulated this interaction in an essay titled The Voice of the Shuttle Language from the Point of View of Literature (1970) I dont know which system of citation the author is using. If it is APA, this citation is wrong You can define a pun as two meanings competing for the same phonemic space or as one sound bringing forth semantic twins, scarce, however you look at it, its a crowded situation (1970 347). The semiotic deficit is caused by one sign or expression signifying at least two meanings. The semantic surplus, on the other hand, refers to the cognitive event disaster in the individual (in literature, the indorser) experiencing the play on words. The article describes these two features of wordplay with the help of a few examples of wordplay in literature and literary theory, and it also demonstrates that the use of puns and wordplay a lot leads to the use of illustration and figurative language or a semantic surplus equal Hartmans twins. Furthermore, the article presents an telephone line for distinguishing between exploring the intention behind the use of wordplay and exploring wordplay itself. In the previous paragraph, the author talked about an essay by Hartman. Is he/she still referring to that essay when he/she talks about the article?Paranomasia and traductioIn the beginning was the pun (1957 65), writes Samuel Beckett in his novel Murphy from 1938 The citation is wrong, fit in to APA standards, only although puns and wordplay as such may have been with us from the very beginning (of what?) Beckett is paraphrasing the Bible), actual descriptions of wordplay do non appear until the rhetorical studies of Cicero and Quintilian. Parts of Platos Cratylus do however, bear a superficial resemblance to wordplay because Socrates makes fun of etymological argumentation, showing the reader how language can lead to sophistic blind alleys and dead ends, which can be deceptive to those who ar non familiar with the well-known schism between the world of ideas and the world of phenomena. Moreover, in Phaedrus, Socrates argues that in the written word there is ineluctably much which is not serious (277E) It wasnt written by Socrates, hardly by Plato. It is this argumentation which Jacques Derrida later(prenominal) criticizes in Platos Pharmacy (1998) the system of citation does not seem to be consistent. Names of books are alternatively written in bold type, without inverted commas, or in normal type, with inverted commas, in which Derri da attempts to demonstrate the wearing away of Platos argumentation by means of the two-sidedness and ambiguity of the word pharmakon and through the way Plato plays on the multiple meanings of this word. Writing is both a remedy and a poison, producing both recognition and magic. Platos antidote to sophism is episteme, or, in Derri hyrax view, mental or epistemic repression. Derridas text demonstrates an involutioning and intimate connection between writing, wordplay, oblivion and memory, but since this is a berth a bit outside the framework of this article I will carry on a more historical view..2Over time, wordplay has been conjugate to the rhetorical terms of traductio and adnominatio. The anonymous palaver to Herennius (Rhetorica ad Herennium), written in the period 86-82 BC and ascribed to Cicero until the fifteenth century, states that transplacement traductio makes it possible for the same word to be oftentimes reintroduced, not only without offence to good taste, bu t even so as to render the style more elegant (1954 279) The work of Derrida was not cited like this. Traductio is classified below figures of diction and is compared to other figures of repetition. Common to these figures is an elegance which the ear can distinguish more easily than words can explain. (1954 281). Identifying wordplay as traductio, however, may not entirely correspond with the understanding we have of wordplay today, although the lack of explanatory words within this rhetorical figure is comparable to the preceding(prenominal)-mentioned thesis. Today, we would perhaps rather characterize wordplay as adnominatio called paranomasia in the English shift. The Rhetoric to Herennius states that wordplays should be used in moderation because they reveal the speakers labour and compromise his ethosSuch endeavours, indeed, seem more suitable for a speech of entertainment that for use in an actual cause. Hence the speakers credibility, impressiveness, and seriousness are le ssened by crowding these figures unneurotic. Furthermore, apart from destroying the speakers authority, such a style gives offence because these figures have grace and elegance, but not impressiveness and beauty. (1954 309) I have indented this, according to APA norms.Wordplay must therefore be used economically so as not to seem childish or to monopolize the listeners attention. In addition, the author of the Rhetoric points to the fact that one very quickly becomes too clever by half if the frequency of paronomasia is too high.In Quintilians treatise on rhetoric, The Orators Education (Institutio Oratoria), wordplay is reckoned among figures of speech (9.13). Another style of citation. Quintilian divides these into two types, the first of which concerns innovations in language, season the second concerns the arrangement of the words. The first type is, according to Quintilian, more grammatically based, while the last mentioned is more rhetorically based, but with indistinct lim its. At the same time, the first one protects the speaker against stereotypical language.Wordplay be commodiouss to what Quintilian refers to as figures which depend on their sound other figures depend on alteration, addition, subtraction or succession. Quintilian treats wordplay immediately following the chapter on addition and subtraction, thereby suggesting its status as something which neither subtracts nor adds. Otherwise his conception of wordplay is similar to that of the Rhetorica ad Herennium wordplay should be used with cautiousness and only if it to some extent strengthens a point, in which vitrine it can have a convincing effect.3What we can learn by reading these passages on wordplay in Quintillian and the Rhetorica ad Herennium is that ever since the beginning of literary studies our understanding of wordplay has oscillated between at least two different extremes traductio and adnominatio / paranomasia, or, one could say, between an outer understanding concerned with the context and an versed understanding mostly concerned with language itself. This could also be one of the main reasons why literary theory has tended to describe puns and wordplay in two ways either as wizardly (iconic) language use or as critical language use. Magical language use has much in familiar with wordplay as a rhetorical figure, and consequentlyly also with the way wordplay was used in antiquity and in the romantic era, between which periods the literature of Shakespeare creates an important link. For instance, it is quite remarkable that at first Shakespeare was admonished for his plays on words. In Germany, the Enlightenment poet and translator of Shakespeare, C.M. Wieland citation?, also complains about the wisecracks. He calls them albern (silly) and ekelhaft (disgusting). When A.W. Schlegel citation?, on the other hand, gets hold of Shakespeares texts, he is much more attentive to and respectful of the latters excesses in language. Schlegel is in debt to Herd er citation?, who is one of the first in Germany to consider the poetry in Shakespeares whole caboodle (their rhythm, melody and other more formal qualities) (cf. Larson (1989)). We cant carry out this comparison, because the works have not been properly cited.By using the rather odd term magical language, this article aims to carry on colloquial a German tradition of treating wordplay as Sprachmagie. Walter Benjamin, for instance, construes language as magical or self-endorsing citation?.4Critical language use, however, is more comparable to the use of wordplay and the discussion of wit in the Age of Enlightenment, and thereof more generally to humour, including, for instance, the joke and the anecdote (whereas in relation to magical language use, wordplay should be regarded as akin to the riddle, the rebus and the mystery). Much literary theory may therefore have adopted these two ways of dealing with and understanding wordplay it is treated as exceptionally poetic and almost m agical simply because it is untranslatable, or as something which can be used in a general critique of language in which this untranslatableness is used as an argument for the arbitrariness of the forgiving relationship between signifi and signifiant .citation?The words were not coined by the author of this paper.Wordplay as part of language criticismThe work of the linguist Ferdinand de de Saussure citation may be seen as a prism for the two understandings of wordplay throughout the twentieth century. On the one hand, there is the scholar Saussure, who later became famous for his hypothesis of the arbitrary relationship between signifi and signifiant and for his statement that language only contains differences without positive terms. On the other hand, there is the other Saussure, who, besides his more official scholarship, occupies himself with anagrams in Latin texts (cf. Starobinski 1979). In his private scholarship Saussure considers the sign highly motivated, which stands in contrast to his thesis of the arbitrariness of the sign in his official scholarship. Saussures remarkable occupation with language alternates between an almost desperate confidence in language and a growing distrust of its epistemological value. The discussion in the last part of this article will be based on this distrust, orienting it toward Nietzsche and Freud, since they represent two of the most predominant views on language and thus wordplay in several important literary theories of the twentieth century, not least Russian Formalism and deconstructionism.Franz Frst (1979) wrongly cited, according to APA norms mentions that wordplay changes character during the nineteenth century. First, the romantic age idealizes it, changing its characteristics. Wordplay is not only connected to wit, but also to in my free transformation from Bernhardis Sprachlehre (1801-1803) citation the eternal consonance of the universe through its heterogeneous homogeneity.5The coherence between so und and meaning was therefore at first considered deeper than might be expected, but the coherence, as the future would show, also had another side displaying a quite different function of wordplay. Frst explainsAus einer hnlichen Bemhung um die Wiederherstellung der engen Wort-Ding-Beziehung, jedoch mit karikaturistischer Absicht, entstand eine neue Technik des Wortspiels, die von Brentano und ihm folgend von Heine und Nietzsche verwendet wurde. Diese Technik verzichtet auf das Urwort und begngt sich mit der Wortentstellung, der Karikatur eines ehemals organisch-sinnvollen Wortes zur Bezeichnung einer entstellten Wirklichkeit. (1979 49)We need a translation of this.In Frsts view, from pointing out a deeper coherence, wordplay now stands at the service of a distorted reality. It becomes an example of the play of falseness and designates a disfigured reality, especially concerning epistemological questions. The connection with this deeper coherence is therefore eliminated from langua ge and discarded. For example, wordplay and other rhetorical figures which build upon likeness, like the metaphor, are denigrated in Nietzsches work from 1873, On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense citation , when he pro contains that the truth is only a mobile army of metaphors, metonyms, and anthropomorphisms in short, a sum of human relations which have been enhanced, transposed, and embellished poetically and rhetorically (1982 46-47). Martin Stingelin points out that Nietzsches wordplay gewinnt () seine reflexive Qualitt gerade durch Entstellung (1988 348) Translation, citation. Precisely because everything is rhetoric anyway, we must duty tour the sting of language against itself. In this connection, wordplay is the least convincing example of false resemblances made by language and can therefore participate reflectively and ironically in such an Enstellung (distortion). The failure to convince should indicate, and thereby ironically convince us, that there is something i nherently wrong with language and the epistemological cognition it attends to for us. anyway Nietzsches critique, we also find Freuds general distrust of language in the beginning of the twentieth century. Most relevant to wordplay is his work The Joke and Its Relation to the Unconscious. Date, citation.With this as a wizting point, it is possible to make some more general remarks about the fundamental importance of the relationship between wordplay and metaphor in the different ways in which wordplay is understood and used in twentieth-century literary theory.Freud believes that play on words is nothing but abridgement without substitute-formation condensation is still the overriding category. A tendency to parsimony predominates in all these techniques. Everything seems to be a matter of economy, as Hamlet says (Thrift, thrift, Horatio) Speech marks (2003 32). Freuds interest in wordplay therefore goes by way of the joke, which is primarily characterized by economization and con densation.6A substitution is omitted in other words, wordplay is not a translation of something unconscious, but a translation which more precisely takes place in language. This is also one of the definitions that Walter Redfern arrives at (1997 265). Redferns study of wordplay is without doubt the most blanket(prenominal) yet in a literary context, but the many metaphorical classifications for instance, ubiquity, equality, fissiparity, double-talk, intoxication (2000 4) or bastard, a melting-pot, a hotchpotch, a potlatch, potluck (2000 217) are characteristic of the relationship between wordplay and metaphor. Wordplay therefore has to do with something fundamentally poetic in language, or as Roman Jakobson lay outs it, poetry is precisely characterized by organism untranslatableIn poetry, verbal equations become a constructive principle of the text. Syntactic and morphological categories, roots, and affixes, phonemes and their components (distinctive features) in short, any co nstituents of the verbal code are confronted, juxtaposed, brought into bordering relation according to the principle of similarity and contrast and carry their own autonomous signification. Phonemic similarity is sensed as semantic relationship. The pun, or to use a more erudite and perhaps more precise term paronomasia, reigns over poetic art, and whether its rule is absolute or limited, poetry by definition is untranslatable. (1987 434)If wordplay may be characterized as a translation in language, metaphor may be considered a translation with language, and each time this inner translation or untranslatability of a pun or wordplay is translated, words for this translation are lacking.Arguably, this is exactly where metaphor helps, like a Band-Aid for a little wound. For this lack or deficit of words produces a poetic surplus which is precisely able to express itself in metaphors and figurative language in general. The latter is an attempt to explain the translation or translate it to something more comprehensible. Whereas the metaphor gives the sense of an effective blend between two semantic fields which together create a third one, wordplay gives a very different impression. The third place which the wordplay creates in its expression is not intellectually comprehensible, but rather inscribed in the form of its own manifestation, a distinctive blend of sound and sense. The incomprehensibleness is an argument for both of its general understandings, partly according to a view which considers language something which can reveal the nonsense of a truth (language criticism) and partly according to a certain kind of nonsensical truth, the idea that language contains more than we are aware of (magical language use). Consequently, it is not so odd that metaphor is useful for describing wordplay metaphor creates a convergence between several semantic fields by covering up the differences between them and in so doing often makes poetry happen. Wordplay, on the ot her hand, fixes the difference in the mind, thus maintaining the convergence in its very expression. Take, for instance, the literary example of Shakespeares Sonnet CXXXIITHINE eyes I love, and they, as pitying me,Knowing thy heart torment me with disdain,Have put on black and loving mourners be,Looking with pretty ruth upon my pain.And truly not the morning sun of heavenBetter becomes the grey cheeks of the east,Nor that bountiful star that ushers in the even,Doth half that glory to the sober west,As those two mourning eyes become thy faceO let it then as well beseem thy heartTo mourn for me since mourning doth thee grace,And suit thy pity like in every part.Then will I swear beauty herself is black,And all they foul that thy complexion lack.The sonnet is replete with wordplay and puns, especially on the words I and eye, and morning and mourning no inverted commas here?, but also and perhaps less importantly on the words ruth and truth. Appropriately, the sonnet contains two insta nces of the word I, punningly mirroring the two eyes. But an expression and a metaphor like the grey cheeks of the east would simply not emerge without the existence of the pun between morning and mourning. The poem develops and invents a vocabulary and uses expressions which would simply not exist or appear without the puns and plays on words. It actually manages to connect blackness with beauty because of the pun between mourning and morning which also connects the sun with the full star and in this manner with the night. Hence, everything that the I in the sonnet lays eyes on is polluted by a look of mourning and pity.The connection mentioned above causes most scholars to describe wordplay as a potential metaphor even Freud (especially read in the perspective of Jacques Lacan citation7) indicates that we should understand wordplay this way. However, no one has shown that metaphor is a potential wordplay. The question must be whether the connection goes both ways or if wordplay s imply is a more initial metaphor? In any case, following Lakoff and Johnsons now classic theory (1980), it is easy to suspect that so-called dead metaphors can be play on more easily than other words for example, the word leg, which is used in connection with chairs, tables and human beings, or words like root or rose, which function in countless contexts. The ambiguity is most severe in connection with some of the key examples provided by Lakoff and Johnson, such as our value-laden and metaphorical governing of space in up and down, in and out, and so forth. The reason for this is probably not that these expressions are metaphorical, but rather that they belong to the trite vocabulary which often activates wordplay makes it alert, as Redfern citation writes.In other words, a revitalizing process in language takes place between wordplay and metaphor. Wordplay is not more original than metaphor, nor is the reverse true, for that matter. Experience has shown that wordplay has a ten dency to generate metaphors when we attempt describe what they exactly mean and that dead metaphors have a tendency to generate wordplay. Regarding the latter, the same applies to dead language in general, such as hackneyed proverbs, phrases and clichs. Along with the dead metaphors, these expressions make up an un-sensed language which often activates wordplay.The more remarkable of these two relations is without doubt the first one, which I will therefore focus on. The relation between wordplay and metaphor draw above corresponds with the one that Maureen Quilligan (1992) identifies between wordplay and legend. Below, we will examine Quilligans understanding of their connection.Wordplay and fableQuilligan tries to redefine allegory as a genre in which wordplay plays a central part due to its ambiguousness, or as Quilligan writes, a sensitivity to the polysemy in words is the basic component of the genre of allegory (1992 33). Quilligan sees wordplay as initiating the unfolding o f the relationship of the text to itself. The text comments on itself, not discursively, but narratively. In this way an author does the same thing with allegory as the literary critic, but the difference is that the author makes commentary on that is, enacts an allegoresis of his own text, which is due to the fact that language is self-reflexive. But this self-reflexivity is only brought about through the reader, who therefore constantly plays an important role in Quilligans reading and re-evaluation of allegory. Self-reflexivity is, however, potentially inscribed in the text through certain traces, especially through polysemy, which expresses itself on the most fundamental erratum level circumstantialally, in the sounds of the words and it is in this respect that wordplay enters the picture alongside allegory.Quilligan uses Quintilian to differentiate between allegory and allegoresis. Allegoresis is literary interpretation or critique of a text, and it was this concept that Quintilian was referring to when he wrote that allegory means one thing at the linguistic level and another at the semantic level in other words, as a figure, allegory could retain a separation between several semantic levels for a long time for example, between a literal and a figurative level. However, the other which the word allegory points towards with its allos is not someone floating somewhere above the text, but the possibility of an otherness, a polysemy, says Quilligan, on the page and in the text. The allegory designates the fact that language can mean numerous things at once. This very redefinition causes Quilligan to turn towards wordplay. Besides, Quilligan wants to play from a vertical understanding of allegory such as it has been inherited from Dante, who organized his Divine Comedy according to the Bible, which he believed had four layers of meaning. Quilligan suggests that allegory works horizontally, so that the meaning is increased serially by connecting the ve rbal surface before moving to another level for example, beyond or above the literal level. And this other level which she refers to has to be located in the reader, who will gradually become aware of the way he or she creates the meaning of the text. Out of this knowingness comes a consciousness, not just of how the text is read, but also of the human response to the narrative. Self-reflexivity occurs, and, finally, out of this a relation is established to the other (allos) towards which the allegory leads its reader through the allegoresis. This sensation of the real meaning can be called sacred. Quilligan aims to grasp allegory in its pure form before it becomes allegoresis. Through her readings, she tries to identify a more undetermined conception of allegory on a linguistic level before it gets determined by and in the reader. Quilligan could have used Quintilians definition of allegory as a continued metaphor (III, 2001, 86 44) to establish a relation between allegory, metaph or and wordplay. In my view she thus misses something essential in the contiguous relationship between wordplay, allegory and allegoresis, and this is the making of metaphors. The relation between wordplay and metaphor constitutes a more intimate stick to than that between wordplay and allegory, or, as James Brown puts it The pun is the first step away from the transparent word, the first step towards the achievement of symbolic metaphor (195618). But this does not mean that wordplay is some sort of metaphor, as Brown seems to suggest. More accurately, it would be reasonable to suggest that wordplay gives rise to germinal language usage, including metaphors and figurative language use in general. This very use is an attempt to translate the relative untranslatability of wordplay, and thereby to satisfy a natural human desire for understanding.Russian formalism vs. deconstructionBy treating the text as described above, Quilligan can read several texts in a new and constructive manne r inspired by the way that early literary works such as The Faerie Queene way of writing titles deal with language. But it is principally Quilligans starting point and to a lesser degree her treatment of the text that I aim to pinpoint with my focus on wordplay. This article does not claim that the twentieth century should only be understood in the light of wordplay, but rather that in some periods wordplay was used with very specific intentions, and that it offers an understanding of language which several literary theories benefit from.Wordplay stands out particularly in two twentieth-century literary theories namely, Russian formalism and literary deconstruction in the wake of Jacques Derrida citation but it is used in very different ways in these theories. In Russian formalism, wordplay involves a resurgence of language,8parallel to the concept of skaz,9which refers to an illusion of a kind of orality or even realism in literary language. In contrast, in deconstruction, word play is often laced to writings influence on language in general to a grammatology, to borrow Derridas term. From a deconstructive perspective, wordplay deals with the inadvertent or unintend in the intended (cf. Gordon C.F. Bearn 1995a 2), or with absence in front line the exact opposite is true in Russian formalism, which deals with puns and wordplay as a form of oral presence in writing, likening this to a kind of absence. Here, as in other cases, wordplay is involved in a fundamental shift in perspective between a semiotic deficit and a semantic surplus in what may be called a constructive and deconstructive construction of meaning.An example of this disputable is a book by Howard Felperin citation problems with the symptomatic title Beyond Deconstruction. The Uses and Abuses of Literary Theory. In this book, Felperin differentiates between what he calls the enactment and counter-enactment of wordplay, emphasizing counter-enactment at the cost of enactmentIf the figures of enactment, of speaking in effect in Shakespeares phrase, work cumulatively to integrate the jigsaw puzzle of language into concrete replica of the sensory world, the pun is precisely that piece of language which will fit into several positions in the puzzle and thereby confound attempts to reconstruct the puzzle into a map or picture with any unique or privileged reliability or fidelity of reference. Whereas metaphor and onamatopeia attempt to bridge the precipitate fissures between signs and their meaning, paronomasia or wordplay Felperin does not make a distinction effectively destabilizes further whatever conventional stability the relation between sign and meaning may be sentiment to possess. (1985 185) (My addition)In Felperins view, wordplay turns our understanding of things upside down in respect to both language in general and certain overall views of life and so forth. This is the reason why wordplay has been disliked for so many years. Felperin analyses Shakespeare and fi nds that wordplay is at the disposal of language in various ways in Shakespeares work, precisely in the form of a counter-enactment. However, what he seems to forget is that not only does wordplay oppose similarities, but it also conveys likeness for instance, in the wordplay between eye and I, which may underlie a much deeper understanding of the sonnets and of subjectivity in Shakespeares works in general (cf. Fineman 1988).Arguing against the theory of enactment, Felperin criticizes, among other things, Russian formalism as a theory founded on metaphor (which from Felperins deconstructive perspective is the wrong foundation when it comes to an ontology of language) The Russian formalists, for example, like the Elizabethans, see language as aboriginally poetic, and as well identify its performative potential in the storehouse of metaphor that lies buried within it (1985 180). Only Shakespeare escapes this sort of criticism, which appears typical of the period and untenable. Meta phor almost seems like a dark, anthropomorphic enemy in such a deconstructive point of view. Furthermore, Felperin of course makes considerable efforts to define wordplay as a matter

Internet Piracy :: essays research papers fc

He doesnt wear a stocking mask over his face, and he doesnt break a window to adopt into your ho expenditure. He doesnt hold a gun to your head, nor does he ransack your personal possessions. Just the same hes a thief. Although this thief is cardinal youll not only neer see,but you may not even realize right away that hes robbed you. The thief is a computer hacker and he "enters" your home via your computer, accessing personal discipline -- such as credit card numbers which he could then use without your knowledge at least until you get that next credit card statement. RichardBernes, executive program of the FBIs Hi-Techsquad in San Jose, California, calls the Internet "the unlocked window in cyberspace through which thieves crawl" (Erickson 1). There seems to be an unlimited potential for larceny of credit card numbers, bank statements and other financial and personal information transmitted over the Internet.     Its hard to imagine that anyone in todays technologically oriented universe could function without computers. Personal computers are linked to business computers and financial networks, and all are linked together via the Internet or other networks. More than a hundred million electronic messages travel through cyberspace every day, and every piece of information stored in a computer is vulnerable to dishonor (Icove-Seger-VonStorch 1). Yesterdays bank robbers have become todays computer hackers. They can walk away from a computer crime with millions of virtual dollars (in the form of information they can use or sell for an enormous profit). Walking away is precisely what they do. The National Computer Crimes Squad estimates that 85-97 % of the time, theft of information from computers is not even detected (Icove-Seger-VonStorch 1). home(a) computer users are vulnerable, not only for credit card information and login IDs, but also their files, disks, and other computer equipment and data, which are subjec t to attack. Even if this information is not confidential, having to reconstruct what has been destroyed by a hacker can take days (Icove-Seger-VonStorch 1). William Cheswick, a network-security specialist at AT&T Bell Labs, says the home computers that use the Internet are singularly vulnerable to attack. "The Internet is like a vault with a screen door on the back," says Cheswick. "I dont need jackhammers and atom bombs to get in when I can walk in through the door" (Quittner 44). The use of the Internet has become one of the most popular ways to communicate.

The Impact of Prejudice in Harper Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockingbird Es

The Impact of Prejudice in Harper Lees Novel, To deplete a MockingbirdThe preconceived notion seen in the fictional novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee corresponds with the real narrow-mindedness during this time intent. A picturesque trial would be unlikely during this time period between a white and a black man. Tom Robinson was presumed guilty because of his race.Prejudice is an adverse opinion or leaning make without just railyard or before sufficient knowledge (Merriam) according to Lystra Moore Richardson of Yale University prejudice was part of the very fiber of Southern life during the Great Depression. With these two pieces of information, it is derived that people formed judgments and opinions of a person without just grounds most commonly, they found them on race. It is because of prejudice that a black man could not receive a fair trial in the South during the Great Depression. Many judges and most juries exhibited prejudice in the courtroom.The Scottsbor o Trials held in Jackson County, Alabama were an excellent example of prejudice. During the Scottsboro trials, the prejudice of a judge is shown when Judge Hawkins pronounced the death sentence on completely eight who had been tried (First). He continued to show prejudice by setting the transaction date for the earliest date he was permitted to name under the law (First). Because this was a display of prejudice, it can be assumed that in the event that the convicts were white, the penalization may have been lessened and possibly delayed longer than the minimum time allowed.The jury also showed signs of prejudice in the Scottsboro case. All twelve of the jurymen reason a guilty verdict for the first trial despite even medical evidence it was J... ...at winning this trial due to the prejudice of the jury. The jury was all white and in a southern location during the Great Depression. Prejudice was part of their way of life. He was found guilty as charged based on circumst antial evidence.Works CitedFirst Scottsboro Trials, The. Hollace Ransdell. 1931. University of Missouri-Kansas City. 10 display 2002. Merriam-Webster OnLine. 10 March 2002. South in Literature, the. Lystra Moore Richardson. 2001. Yale Law School. 10 March 2002. Trials of The Scottsboro Boys, The. Douglas O. Linder. 1999. University of Missouri-Kansas City. 10 March 2002.