Privacy-handling Techniques and Algorithms for Data Mining

Privacy-handling Techniques and Algorithms for Data Mining VIVEK UNIYAL ABSTRACT Data mining can extract a previously unknown patterns from vast collection of data. Nowadays networking, hardware and software technology are rapidly growing outstanding in collection of data amount. Organization are containing huge amount of data from many heterogeneous database in which private and sensitive information of an individual. In data mining novel pattern will be extracted from such data by which we can use for various domains in decision marketing. But in the data mining output there will be sensitive, private or personal information of a particular person can also be revealed. There will be some misuse of finding these types of information, and it can harm the data owner. So in distributed environment privacy is becoming an important issue in many applications of data mining. Techniques of Privacy preserving data mining (PPDM) are provide new direction to solve issues. By PPDM, we can find a valid data mining results without underlying data values learning. In this dissertation we have introduced two algorithms for privacy handling concern. One is k-anonymization in which information corresponding to any individual person in a release data cannot be distinguished from that of at least k-1 other individual persons whose information also appears in release data. In this algorithm we are achieving the k-anonimyzation some values must be suppressed or generalized in database. K-anonymity have record linkage attack mode and l-diversity can have attack mode of attribute linkage. KEYWORDS: Data Mining, Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Mining, Privacy handking, K-anonymization Algorithm, L-diversity. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to all the people who have extended their cooperation in various ways during my dissertation. It is my pleasure to acknowledge the help of all those individuals. First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my dissertation supervisor, Mr. Govind Kamboj without whom none of this would have been possible. He provided me always the essential direction and advice during the work. I am grateful to him to give a shape towards completion of my dissertation. Without his supervision and support, this work would not have been completed successfully in time. I am grateful to the President, Vice President, Chancellor, Vice Chancellor and Head of the Department of the Graphic Era University for providing an excellent environment for work with ample facilities and academic freedom. I would also like to thank the teaching and non-teaching staff for their valuable support during M.Tech. Last but not the least; I am grateful to all my teachers and friends for their cooperation and encouragement throughout completing this task. (Vivek Uniyal) M.Tech( Computer Science Engineering) TABLE OF CONTENTS CANDIDATES DECLERATION iii ABSTRACT iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix LIST OF FIGURES x 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Problem Statement 1 1.2 Overview 1 1.3 Advantages of data mining 3 1.4 Disadvantages of data mining 4 1.5 Why privacy-handling is required in data-mining 4 1.6 Motivation 6 1.7 Organization 4 2. BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE SURVEY 7 3. METHODS AND METHODOLOGIES 13 3.1 Randomization method 13 3.2 Group based anonymization methods 14 3.2.1 K-Anonymity framework 14 3.2.2 Personalized privacy-preservation 15 3.2.3 Utility based privacy-preservation 15 3.2.4 Sequential releases 15 3.2.5 The l-diversity method 15 3.3 Distributed privacy-preserving data mining 16 3.4 Detailed description about K-anonymity and l-diversity 16 3.4.1 Data collection and Data publishing 16 3.4.2 Privacy Data publishing 17 3.4.3 Algorithm of k-anonimity 19 3.4.4 l-diversity 24 3.4.1.1 Lack of diversity 25 3.4.1.2 Strong background knowledge 25 4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT 27 4.1 Introduction 27 4.2 Experimental result 27 4.2.1 Result of proposed k-anonymity and l-diversity 27 5. CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK 33 5.1 Conclusion 33 5.2 Scope for Future Work 33 PUBLICATION OUT OF THIS WORK 34 REFERENCES 35 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS PPDP Privacy-preserving data publishing PPDMPrivacy-preserving data mining QID Quasi-Identifier LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Data mining a step included in the process of knowledge discovery 1 Figure 1.2 Typical data mining system architecture 2 Figure 1.3: Record Owner, Data Collection and Data Publishing 17 Figure 1.4: Hospital Database 18 Figure 1.5 Taxonomy tree for JOB, SEX, AGE (QID attributes) 20 Figure 1.6 Hospital table Original record in data base 21 Figure 1.7 Table of Sensitive record (Publishing data) 21 Figure 1.8 Table of External Data ppt table 22 Figure 1.9 Resulting data after linking the sensitive and ppl table 22 Figure 1.10 Research table (generalized with k-anonymous published data) 23 Figure 1.11 Extended table (For linking like generalized voter list) 23 Figure 1.12 For checking the k- anonymity 23 Figure 1.13 Result of linking the table research to extended 24 Figure 1.14 Hospital original data record Project 28 Figure 1.15 Comparing the Un-Generalized published and extended data tables 29 Figure 1.16 Comparing Generalized Extended and Sensitive table records 30 Figure 1.17 Table for k-anonymity and l-diversity 32 Figure 1.18 Plotting exact l-value and distinct l-diversity value in weka 33 Figure 1.19 Plotting exact l-value and entropy l-diversity value in weka 33

Child Abuse: Frank and Ileana Fuster :: essays research papers fc

The term child abuse was once as rarely heard as that of pink elephants. However rare the term has once been, it is now a term used consistently throughout the news and various other publications today. Along with the progressing decline in society's morals, has come the rapid increase of crime. One such crime is child abuse. Although child abuse is common, the act is defiling. As a result of the abuse, children who fall victim to this often need psychological treatment and counseling. Often, the child is never the same as he or she once was before. The dictionary defines child abuse as: "the physical, or emotional, or sexual mistreatment of children" (Dictionary.com). Everyday thousands of children are the victims of this abuse. The abusers range from parents, friends, total strangers, to even day-care workers. One case involving the abuse of children in their care is that of Frank and Ileana Fuster. The two were accused in 1984 of molesting children in their home. Frank was a 36-year-old Cuban immigrant and was married to 17-year-old Ileana who was Honduran. Frank and Ileana Fuster were residents of Country Walk, Florida where they held a home-based babysitting service (Pendergrast). The case was then known as "Country Walk" because of the city in which the two, Frank and Ileana resided. "The case began when a 3-year-old boy asked his mother to "kiss my body" when she was giving him a bath. He said, "Ileana kisses all the babies' bodies." The mother became concerned and reported the comments to the Dade County child protection authorities ("A Summary of the Frank Fuster..." NP). Fuster seemed to be living the American dream before the accusations were presented against him. Frank and Ileana were newly weds, owned a new home in the suburbs and a landscaping business that was doing well. However, Frank was not living the American dream. He was still on probation for a 1982 child molestation conviction for fondling a nine-year-old girl and manglaughter, for shooting a man after a traffic accident ("Debunking Frontline's Did Daddy Do It?" NP). Frank had been "arrested on September 21, 1982 for lewd and lascivious assault on a minor - a nine-year-old girl whose breasts and genitals Fuster fondled while driving her home. The jury heard from the girl, who was cross-examined at length. They found her credible and convicted Fuster" ("Fuster's Manslaughter Conviction" NP). Child Abuse: Frank and Ileana Fuster :: essays research papers fc The term child abuse was once as rarely heard as that of pink elephants. However rare the term has once been, it is now a term used consistently throughout the news and various other publications today. Along with the progressing decline in society's morals, has come the rapid increase of crime. One such crime is child abuse. Although child abuse is common, the act is defiling. As a result of the abuse, children who fall victim to this often need psychological treatment and counseling. Often, the child is never the same as he or she once was before. The dictionary defines child abuse as: "the physical, or emotional, or sexual mistreatment of children" (Dictionary.com). Everyday thousands of children are the victims of this abuse. The abusers range from parents, friends, total strangers, to even day-care workers. One case involving the abuse of children in their care is that of Frank and Ileana Fuster. The two were accused in 1984 of molesting children in their home. Frank was a 36-year-old Cuban immigrant and was married to 17-year-old Ileana who was Honduran. Frank and Ileana Fuster were residents of Country Walk, Florida where they held a home-based babysitting service (Pendergrast). The case was then known as "Country Walk" because of the city in which the two, Frank and Ileana resided. "The case began when a 3-year-old boy asked his mother to "kiss my body" when she was giving him a bath. He said, "Ileana kisses all the babies' bodies." The mother became concerned and reported the comments to the Dade County child protection authorities ("A Summary of the Frank Fuster..." NP). Fuster seemed to be living the American dream before the accusations were presented against him. Frank and Ileana were newly weds, owned a new home in the suburbs and a landscaping business that was doing well. However, Frank was not living the American dream. He was still on probation for a 1982 child molestation conviction for fondling a nine-year-old girl and manglaughter, for shooting a man after a traffic accident ("Debunking Frontline's Did Daddy Do It?" NP). Frank had been "arrested on September 21, 1982 for lewd and lascivious assault on a minor - a nine-year-old girl whose breasts and genitals Fuster fondled while driving her home. The jury heard from the girl, who was cross-examined at length. They found her credible and convicted Fuster" ("Fuster's Manslaughter Conviction" NP).

Computer-Based Training: Useful or Useless? Essay -- Technology Techno

Computer-Based Training: Useful or Useless? "The times they are a’changin’" sang Bob Dylan at one of his more profound moments. Oftentimes, it is human nature to resist change no matter what the situation in which the change is taking place. However, change is a fact of life and at a time of boundless innovations in the field of technology, the Information Age, if you will, it is futile to resist it. Unfortunately, that resistance is exactly what is causing many people to see only the disadvantages of computer-based training (CBT), regardless of the enormous amount of benefits the implementation of computer-based training could bring to their companies, their employees, and ultimately, to the bottom line (profit). In an attempt to be objective, a definition and some background on CBT are in order. What is Computer-Based Training? Computer-based training is, in a general sense, a reproducible system of instruction conveyed through the use of a computer for the purpose of training an individual. Pretty vague, isn’t it? To be more specific, CBT can take on different forms. According to Kulik, Kulik & Shwalb (1986), as quoted in an article on CBT by Christopher Janicak (1999), CBT programs can be classified as: computer-assisted instruction (CAI), in which the program provides drill and practice; computer-managed instruction (CMO), in which the program evaluates the student's test performance, guides him/her to appropriate instructional resources and tracks progress; and computer-enriched instruction (CEI) in which the computer serves as a simulator or programming device. Most CBT modules are "†¦developed by teams of five specialists: an expert in the particular subject (a SME), a technical exper... ...iance". Pipeline& Gas Journal, 222, 52-54. Dhanjal, R. & Calis, G. (1999). "Computer-based training in the steel industry". Steel Times, 227, 13-14. Dick, W., & Carey, L. (1996). The Systematic Design of Instruction. New York, NY: HarperCollins. --- (1997)."Interactive media corp. receives awards for multimedia programs". Information Today, 14, 31. Janicak, C. (1999). "Computer-based training: Developing programs with the knowledge-based safety training system". Professional Safety, 44, 34-36. Lawson, S. (1999). "Computer-based training: Is it the next wave?". Professional Safety, 44, 30-33. Prewitt, M. (1998). "Darden execs share ins, outs of computer training". Nation’s Restaurant News, 32, 57-58. Rubenstein, E. (1999). "The learning imperative: Operators tap CBT, the ‘net,’ to train and retain employees". Nation’s Restaurant News, 33, 51-52.

Buddhist and Christians

Two of the most sought religion in the world is Buddhism and Christianity. Followers of the two aforementioned religions are very lenient when it comes to certain beliefs and practices. They preserve the sanctity of their chosen faith and ensure that the symbols of worship and history are well respected through the years. Tibetan Buddhism is mostly followed in the regions of Himalayas. Countries that adhere to the said religion were India, Bhutan and Nepal. People in China, Russia and Mongolia are also Tibetan Buddhists. This religion has four main traditions namely Sakya, Kagyu, Nyingma and Sakya.All of th aforementioned division includes teachings of the three vehicles of Buddhism: Vajrayana, Mahayana and Foundation Vehicle (Coleman, 10). Achieving enlightenment is the main goal of Tibetan Buddhists. The right term for people who already gained enlightenment is Buddhahood. It is a state of mind wherein the nature of reality as well as mental obscurations is freed. Buddhists are con sidered as internalist because their state of mind is of great importance in the religion (Coleman, 22). Buddha is their god and they uses texts like Pali Canon, Tibetan Canon and Chinese Canon (Conze 35).Christianity on the other hand is a monotheistic religion which centers on Jesus Christ and his teachings. Christians are the followers of this religion who believes that Jesus is the only begotten son of God (Woodhead 7). Unlike Tibetan Buddhism which believes in karma, Christians believes that a life worth livings is when you adhere to the same way Jesus cared and sacrificed for others. It may incorporate similitude between the two religion because both belief aims to do well towards other people. In Christianity, Buddhahood is achieved when everlasting life is granted to its followers.Unlike Tibetan Buddhism which uses three different texts, Christianity uses The Holy Bible which is divided into two: The Old and The New Testaments (Woodhead). One of the famous symbols of worship in among Christians is the cross. It is being look upon by followers of Christianity as a significant affirmation of all the hardships of Christ (Padgett 18). It leads to the salvation of souls and forgiveness of sins. Christians even come up with the practice of the sign of the cross which affirms the sacredness of the symbol.Another symbol of worship for Christians is the fish which is often seen on tombs during the early times. It contains the Greek word Icththys which claims Christ’s character and professes the worship of believers (Padgett). The use of images and statues of Christ and other saints are also part of the symbols of worship for Christianity. Tibetan Buddhists look upon the Kalachara or the Tenfold powerful logo as their symbol of worship (Dagyab & Thurman 46-55). It can be found everywhere in places where Tibetan Buddhism is present.It comes in various forms and represents the teachings of the religion. It contains representation of letters in Lantsa script discussing about the outer world and the human body (Dagyab & Thurman 46-55). Typically, Tibetan Buddhists uses flags to decorate monasteries, houses and even mountains. They believe that the prayer flags contain mantras that can be spread out by the wind. These flags contain auspicious symbols, special prayers and mantras (Dagyab & Thurman). Wind horse and Prayer wheels are also part of the symbols of worship for Tibetan Buddhists.It is also similar to prayer flags which contain special powers once the wheel is turned (Conze). Apart from Christianity, Buddhist relies too much on symbol rather than working out for their faith. Regardless of the difference of the two religions, what keeps them the same in religiosity is the willingness of their followers to stick to their belief and treasure the worship symbols. The concept of faith is given meaning in their respective ways and makes way for their goal of achieving enlightenment (Buddhists) and salvation (Christians).Works Cited Col eman, Graham, ed. A Handbook of Tibetan Culture. Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc, 1993. Conze, Edward. A Short History of Buddhism. Oneworld. 1993 Padgett, Alan G. ; Sally Bruyneel. Introducing Christianity. Maryknoll, N. Y. : Orbis Books, 2003. Rinpoche, Dagyab & Thurman, Robert Buddhist Symbols in Tibetan Culture. USA: Wisdom Publication, 1993. Woodhead, Linda. Christianity: a very short introduction. U. S: Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Food and Raspberry Essay

Raspberry is a fruit with a lot of vitamin and very useful for today, it can mix it with every food, very helpful for your skin, also your health. Many people likes the way it feel and it taste. It relate to the rose family and it interesting plan, even very interesting to connection. My favorite also is raspberry. Raspberry is red, exactly is light red. There are also other types including black, yellow and purple raspberries. It has the green leaf on the top, as the hat. It looks smaller, and softer than strawberry. You may see it grow up and plan everywhere, on the street road or maybe at the park. Raspberry is easy to eat, that taste sweet and sour, and it melt in your mouth. It has furry and grainy texture, and kind of smooth. The feel when you swallow it that you may not describes it, it make you want to try it again. It is highest level of nutrition when they are eaten fresh. The raspberry leaf tea tastes like regular tea. Raspberry is very useful for our health, because it have a lot of nutrition. Today, raspberry is uses for many foods or mixed with many things. It have a bright color, so the people use it to decorations for their pancake or birthday cake. They use it for ice cream or even yogurt. Raspberry today is very popular; it is one of high level of nutrition of fruit. You can use it fresh for snacks of after daily meals. Moreover, the raspberry leaf is very useful; you can use it with tea or use it for cake. Finally, Raspberry is a popular fruit today, also it has high nutrition, and even the leaf is useful, too. If you never try it before, then you should try it. You should not say â€Å"no† with the high nutrition like Raspberry, and you may love it like me.

Acknowledgement for training

Praise to God for I undergo my industrial training that begins on early. Technologies India pet Ltd (l), I finally successfully completed my Industrial training. I also would like to extend my thankfulness to the most precious persons In my life, my father and mother for all their moral support. Its a great pleasure to present this report of Industrial training in partial fulfillment of B. Tech Mechanical Engineering from Pundit Adenoidal Petroleum university. I am entrusted to undergo my industrial training at SF for 6 weeks before I can omelet my subject course in order to graduate.During the 6 weeks of working here I am exposed to many new things which are very valuable for me to learn and carry out with devotion when I face the real world of working in the future. Undergoing for industrial training has become one of the curricular that college student compulsory to attend especially for those who studied at PDP. The motive of this action Is to expose students and let them experie nce the environment of the real world of working before graduating. For that I am heartily thankful to DRP. H. B. Regained who Is Director of School of Technology at Pendant Adenoidal Petroleum university.I realize that learning theoretical is never the same when it comes to practice. There are a lot more to master than Just learning from book. Acknowledgement for training By avatar's persons in my life, my father and mother for all their moral support. Its a great Mechanical Engineering from Pundit Adenoidal Petroleum University. To attend especially for those who studied at PDP. The motive of this action is to is Director of School of Technology at Pundit Adenoidal Petroleum University. Completion of this training was not possible. I feel very happy to say my deeply.

The Differences of Teenagers in the 1940s Compared to Teenagers Today

The Differences of Teenagers in the 1940s Compared to Teenagers Today Elizabeth Ann Murphy Keller Regional Gifted Center, Chicago Teacher: Sandra Cap â€Å"Teenager† was not even a word until the late 1940s. Zoot suits, bobby-soxers, soda shops, do not sound familiar. These were all things 1940 teenagers know. A teenager's life in the 1940s and today is extremely different in the areas of high school life and home life. If you stepped into a classroom in the 1940s, you might see girls making dresses and boys training hard in physical education.At Crane Technical High School, physical education was very important because the principal wanted to keep all of the boys in tiptop shape for war. At Lucy Flower High School for girls, the students studied hat making, laundering, and beauty culture. Also, schools that had sewing classes, had a fashion show at the end of the year where the boys and girls alike would fashion what they had made. According to the Chicago Teen Exhibit at the Chicago Historical Society, the reason these classes are so different from today is â€Å"many poor and immigrant families saw little value in studying subjects like Latin and Botany.Educators knew that young people and their parents would choose school over work only if it served a practical purpose. In response, schools offered vocational and commercial courses from dressmaking to bookkeeping. Growing numbers of young people soon filled technical schools†. Schools taught lessons in family life, hygiene, and health. According to Joel Spring this was because â€Å"What do we do with sixty percent of students who aren't gaining anything from a college-prep curriculum? We will give them â€Å"life adjustment education†.In 1940, eight out ten boys who graduated from school went to war and more than half of the population of the United States had completed no more than eighth grade. In 1945 fifty-one percent of 17 year olds were high school graduates. Today, more than 13 million teenagers report to public high school classes across the United States. The Scholastics Aptitude Tests (SAT) began in 1941. They were used as a screening device for college admission and originally as an Army intelligence test. The SATs are a major part of today's teenager's life. To get into a good college, you eed to do well on the SAT, considering 60% of today' s jobs require training beyond high school compared to just 20% in the 1940s. Today's high school students take classes much different than the classes in the 1940s. They take classes such as English, Mathematics, Science (one Biology and one Physical Science), U. S. History, Civics, Economics, Physical Education, Health Education, and Elective, Art or Music or Vocational courses, Career and Technical Education, and a Foreign Language. At Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy (IMSA), an advanced high school, students take math classes such as Mathematics Investigation I to MI IV.They study in-depth mathematics , and some students even work into the Calculus series of mathematics. IMSA has numerous classrooms, an auditorium, and a swimming pool. In the 1940s, St. Michaels High School had a dark room, a gymnasium, a swimming pool, horses (for horse back riding lessons), and a bowling alley. At St. Michaels, on the first floor, there was the gymnasium and the music room, on the second floor the cafeteria, and on the third floor, the library and the chemistry labs. This school is much like today’s high school except the horses. After school, in the 1940s, a teenager might go home, change clothes, and go to work.If your family was poor, you would work very hard after school or you did not even go to school, but worked all day, and all of your earnings would go to your family. There were not a lot of high-paying jobs available in Chicago during the 1940s. Bill Flanagan, a teenage boy during the 1940s, claims â€Å"My first official job, I got when I was 14. I was a bus boy at the restau rant on the South Side. I got $0. 25 an hour. Good money. I got $5 a week. Of course, you could take a girl out on a date for $5. Believe me, $5 was a lot of money. † Eva Kelley, a teenager in the 1940s, was a YMCA locker room attendant for $0. 6 an hour. Yvett Moloney, a young teenager during the late 940s, had a rare job working in a mail order house for $3. 50 a day, and she worked at a telephone company. Other jobs did in the 1940s include working at the YMCA and teaching swimming, working at a pizza place, and working at a warehouse. Anna Tyler, an African-American teenager during the 1940s, worked at the men's club as a waitress, the office university club, Wiebolt's as a clerk, and an elevator operator. Jerry Warshaw, a teenager in the 1940s, had numerous jobs: delivery boy at the fish market, a soda jerk, at the TreasuryDepartment, and the post office. His most memorable job was an usher captain. He had 17 men under him and got paid $0. 45 an hour. Today we still have ushers, only they work in performance theaters and at sporting venues. Many teens today work at fast food restaurants and stores such as Jewel Osco and Walgreens. Today, most restaurants and grocery stores let teenagers work there as long as they are 16 or older. Many high school students today volunteer as well as have a job because service hours are required to graduate from high school. Because of World War II, there was rationing and victory gardens on the home front.There were scrap drives, war bond drives, and every sort of stamp for food or shoes. â€Å"The average gasoline ration was three gallons a week; the yearly butter ration twelve pounds per person, 26 percent less than normal; the yearly limit for canned goods thirty-three pounds, thirteen pounds under usual consumption levels; and people could buy only three new pairs of shoes a year†, according to historian Michael Uschan. Compare that to today. Today you can buy almost anything. â€Å"When traditionalists t alk about the Family, they mean an employed Father, a stay at home mother, and two school-aged children.This profile only fits 5% of United States families today,† according to historian Letty Pogrebin. During the 1940s, teenagers and there parents were usually very close. Some parents who supported the war effort left there teenagers unattended. This caused â€Å"renewed social alarm about juvenile delinquency. To answer the crisis, social guidance films shown in the classroom presented scenarios meant to shape teen behavior into more acceptable forms†, according to a history of American education. From Zoot suits to baggy pants; from sewing classes to biology; from radios to television, a teenager’s life in the 1940s is very different from today. From Susan Ansell â€Å"High School. Education Week: High School Reform†edweek. org/context/topics;/ issuespage cfm? id+cfm? id+15>, (Oct. 4, 2004); Stephen Feinstein â€Å"Decades of the 20th Century: the 1940 s, from World War II to Jackie Robinson, Chicago Historical Society, â€Å"Teen Chicago†; Eva Kelley interview, no date. (www. teenchicago. com); Yvett Mohony interview, (Nov 23, 2002); (www. teenchicago. com), Student Historian’s interview with Meghan Murphy, (Oct. 2, 2004); High School,‘‘ECS IssueSite: High School†, ecs. org/html/issue. asp? issueID=108 (Sept. 5, 2004); High School Curriculum Introduction, www. u46. k12. il. us/high_school_curriculum_introdu. html> (Oct. 10, 2004); Sara Mondale and Sara B. Patton, School: The Story of American Public Education; Letty C. Pogrebin, Family politics, Love and Power on an Intimate Frontier; Sammy Skobel interview Nov. 22, 2003. (www. teenchicago. com); Tom Snyder, â€Å"Educational Attainment: Literacy From 1870 to 1979†, www. nces. ed. gov/naal/historicaldata/edattain. asap (Oct. 4, 2004); Michael V. Uschan; A Cultural History of the United States: Through the Decades the 1940s. ]